I never had a car while I lived in Japan, though I often wished I did - especially after I was hit twice by cars while riding my bicycle - within a few weeks of each other, within a few month of arriving in Japan.
My family has owned a
Nissan Stanza, and I have owned a
Madza 323 and a
Toyota Camry wagon - all of which were fine dependable cars. My father has another
Camry wagon, and I currently have a
Mazda Tribute. So... I like Japanese cars. I've also had many fine American cars, though my recent experience with the Swedish SAAB left me less than impressed.
Regardless... let's look at Japan and the automobile.
There are a few things one needs to know about Japanese cars nowadays.... Number 1: white is the most popular color. Not only is it easier to see at night, but it also represents purity which is something all Japanese men strive for while they cheat on their wives with a mistress. Hey... ya gotta start somewhere.
Number 2: the Japanese word for car is
kuruma ((車). Now... a brief history lesson in Japanese language. The car was invented ... well... depending on what one believes, in 1860 in France, but I'm betting the Japanese did not see one until much, much later.
I could be wrong, but if the automobile is a foreign invention - IE not a Japanese one - then the word created to describe it should have been a
katakana alphabet word. Not
kanji,which was used for words to describe amongst other things, things that are Japanese.
Whatever.
Let's take a look at the automobile in Japan... a brief history of it just to get your going hmmm.
In Japan, the first inventors of a Japanese automobile were guys working in bicycle repair shops or at bicycle manufacturing shops... you know... those 1,000s of little bicycle repair shops that dot every single city, town, village and hamlet of Japan.
Why not... in the USA, bicycle manufacturers the Wright brothers were trying to create an aeroplane (archaic spelling of airplane) from their bike shop.
 |
| Panhard et Levassor |
First Cars in Japan:In 1898, the
Panhard et Levassor from France was the first car shipped to Japan.
 |
| Locomobile |
The first automobile dealer in Japan was the
Locomobile Company of America Agency, specializing in the import and sales of America's
Locomobile steam cars. In 1901, this agency set up a sales showroom in
Tokyo which gave Japan its first look at the automobile... and it liked it.
The
Locomobile had a sandwiched leaf spring-style suspension, a steel chassis, wooden body and over 300 connecting pipes making up its boiler for a two-cylinder engine that was driven by steam pressure.
1902 to 1913 |
| Takuri |
The first automobile made in Japan was done so in 1902 by 21-year-old Uchiyama Komanosuke (surname first) in
Ginza, Tokyo after Yoshida Shintaro (surname first), a manager at
Sorinshokai Bicycle, had brought back a gasoline engine from the United States. Uchiyama was working for the Sorinshokai dealership when he created this car, designing and manufacturing a chassis and body himself.
Uchiyama then built the first entirely Japanese-made gas-powered car in 1907 known as the
Takuri.
 |
| 1904 Yamaba Omnibus |
Also in 1907,
Hatsudoki Seizo Co. was established (in 1951 it was renamed the
Daihatsu Motor Car Co., Ltd.).
 |
| 1905 Yoshida Omnibus |
Strangely enough, someone built a bus before the car. In 1904, Yamaba Torao (surname first) of
Okayama-shi built the first Japanese-made bus - the
Yamaba Omnibus powered by a steam engine - that could hold 10 passengers. This may have been Japan's first "car".
In 1905, the
Yoshida Omnibus debuted - a gas engine vehicle. This may have indeed been Japan's first gas-powered vehicle.
In 1911,
Kaishinsha Motorcar Works (later to evolve into
Nissan Motors) was established in Tokyo under the guidance of Hashimoto Masujiro (surname first).
1914 to 1917After its experience in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), the Japanese army became interested in the automobile importing in 1907 military trucks from Germany and France. In May 1911, it produced its first domestic military truck at the
Osaka Artillery Factory under the orders of the Military Agency.
 |
| 1919 Mitsubishi Model A |
In 1914, Kaishinsha Motor Works began importing, assembling and selling British cars while also manufactured seven all-Japanese cars called the
Dattogo (or DAT, for short) featuring a
two-cylinder, ten horsepower engine.In 1917, the
Mitsubishi Zosen (Mitsubishi Shipbuilding) Co., Ltd. was established and over the next four years until 1921, it built the
Model A, Japan's first series-production vehicle. Hand-built, the seven-seat sedan was based on the
Fiat A3-3 (or
Fiat Tipo 3) design... but it was more expensive than rival manufacturers and was discontinued after only 22 models were built.
1918-1929In March 1918, the Military Vehicle Subsidy Law was enacted whereby the military granted subsidies to car manufacturers to produce automobiles to be used by civilians during peaceful times and converted to military use in times of war. This was in effect Japan's first automobile industry policy. |
| Wolseley A-9 |
In 1918, Isuzu formed two years earlier, joined with British manufacturer Wolseley Motor Company and by 1922 the first
Isuzu Wolseley model A-9 car is domestically produced.
Between 1920-1925, Gorham/Lila's auto production was established, and is only important as it was many years later merged into Datsun - the company that would become Nissan.
The Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923, created an urgent need for motor vehicles to service the inhabitants of the devastated capital. As a temporary measure until Tokyo's transportation network could be fully restored, 800 Ford Model T truck chassis were immediately imported and converted to what were known as the Entaro bus that would serve the city's transport system for a long time thereafter.
 |
| Entaro Bus |
In 1924, the
Otomo Japanese car was built by Toyokawa Junya (surname first) until 1927 at the
Hakuyosha Ironworks in Tokyo. Otomo offered an air-cooled 944 cc four-cylinder light car, available as two- or four-seat touring car saloon (sedan) or as a van. This was joined in 1926 by a water-cooled 24 hp (horsepower) model.
Both the Gorham/Lila and Otomo companies were at this time the only two Japanese car manufacturers - though Gorham was financed by US aircraft engineer William R. Gorham (hence the non-Japanese-sounding company name).
The fall-out from the Great Kanto Earthquake was that the
Ford Motor Company saw Japan as a lucrative market and set up a subsidiary in 1925 called the
Ford Motors Japan, and then set up a production plant was set up in Yokohama.
Model T cars were produced
General Motors established operations in Osaka in 1927 and began selling Japan
Chevrolets, while
Chrysler set up
Kyoritsu Motors.
Ford and GM showed Japan the importance of mass production technology, quality control of subcontracting parts manufacturers, and how to establish a national sales network.
Between 1925 and 1936, these three US automakers Japanese subsidiaries manufactured 208,967 vehicles, compared to the domestic Japanese producers who built only 12,127 vehicles.
1930 to 1945American car manufacturers had begun building cars in Japan for the Japanese market and were, by 1930, producing nearly 20,000 units per year. Japanese domestic manufacturers were producing fewer than 500 units. By 1935, industrialization was well underway in Japan with as many as 16 companies producing cars.
 |
| 1931 Mazdago |
In 1936, the Japanese government passed the
Automobile Manufacturing Industries Act, which was designed to break the American car monopoly in Japan and promote the domestic auto industry (while of course, reducing the competition from the foreigners). Companies formed under this act included
Toyota and
Datsun.
It should be noted that by the time Japan became involved in the
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), vehicle production had shifted to trucks - for the military.
By 1939, the foreign manufacturers had been forced out of Japan.
 |
| Ohta OD 1937 |
1931 saw
Mazda build the
Mazdago - a three-wheeled open truck that looked like a motorcycle with an open truck bed. Steered via handlebars and powered by an air-cooled one-cylinder engine/transmission combo unit, it was built by Mazda and sold by
Mistusubishi. It was considered to be the first auto-rickshaw.
 |
| Toyota AA 1936 |
Other note-worth data includes
Ohta Jidosha Seizosho Co., Ltd. of Tokyo beginning auto production in 1934 through 1957. The company was established in 1922, and produced cars from 1934 beginning with the
Ohta Model OS powered by a 736 cc 4-cylinder engine. In 1957 it was acquired by the
Kurogane truck company and ceased auto production.
In 1936,
Toyota released its first car - the
Toyota AA.
In 1937,
Tokyo Gas & Electric merged its car division with
Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. and
Kyodo Kokusan K.K., to form
Tokyo Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. By 1941, the company changed its name to
Diesel Motor Industry Co., Ltd., which would eventually become
Isuzu Motors Limited.
1946-1954 |
| 1946 Tama electric car. |
World War II brought the requirement that Japanese
zaibatsu, or industrial conglomerates, disband.
However,
Fuji Precision Industries (later the
Prince Motor Company) built the
Tama in 1946 - an electric car! Despite its clunky look, it still looks a damn side better than most electric cars out on the road today in 2012. The car was created because after the war there was a shortage of gasoline. As such, the electric car was an important introduction. The
Tama was used in Japan primarily as a taxi until 1950. It could drive for 65 kilometers on a single charge using its 65 volt motor. It used a lead-acid 40 volt battery - but a speed demon it was not, having a top speed of only 35 kilometers per hour.
1955 to 1965The Japanese government saw the importance of restarting the domestic car market and took steps to stimulate innovation.
Prince Motor Company started up in 1952 and would become integrated into
Nissan by 1966.
Hino Motors began auto production in 1953 before merging with
Toyota in 1967.
 |
| 1963 Honda S500 |
Subaru released its first car, the
Subaru P-1 in 1954. In 1955,
Suzuki began production of the 360cc
Suzlite.
Mitsubishi introduced its
Mitsubishi 500, a small, fuel-efficient 500cc cheaply-priced car. 1960 saw the introduction by
Toyo Kogyo, who would eventually become
Mazda, of a 360cc coupe.
Toyota's
700cc couple was introduced in 1961. All of these cars were the result of a government program urging car makers to produce small, highly fuel-efficient vehicles at an affordable price for the domestic market.
In 1963,
Honda released its first car, the
Honda S500 - which looks awesome!
1965 to 1975  |
| Rotary Engine |
The
Japanese Automotive Manufacturer's Association (JAMA) was established in 1967. JAMA was formed to help auto manufacturers deal with changes in Japan's economy, such as liberalized automotive imports, that resulted from Japan's entry into the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Japan's auto manufacturers realized they would need more automation in automobile production and began using advanced digital manufacturing technologies and robotics in the early 1970s. Management structures were changed to match newer manufacturing technologies and techniques.
Between the mid-1960s and mid-1970s, Japanese car purchasing exploded. In 1962, 14 per cent of households owned cars. By 1975 it had increased to more than 50 percent. This influx of cash allowed Japanese car manufacturers to innovate in areas of manufacturing technology and engine design, resulting in the development of the rotary engine by
Toyo Kogyo.
1975 to 1985 |
| 1982 Honda Accord |
The global oil crisis of 1973 created a demand for more fuel-efficient cars. With American car manufacturers having focused for years on high-power, large engines, Japan was in a good position, with its lineup of smaller engines designed for fuel efficiency, to enter many global markets, especially the U.S. Because Japanese cars were already small and light, they were one of the first to use innovative materials, such as plastics and high tension steel sheeting, to further reduce weight.
In 1981, the Voluntary Export Restraints limited Japanese car exports to the U.S. to a mere 1.68 million cars a year. However, while it was done so that more people would buy American, what it did instead was force Japan to become even more competitive with its American cousins. The Japanese continued to make better, safer, more fuel-efficient vehicles that also looked good and were inexpensive to purchase.
In 1982 the
Honda Accord became the first Japanese automobile manufactured in the U.S.
In 1984
Toyota opened
NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing Inc.) in Fremont, California, the first joint venture automobile manufacturing plant in the U.S. with its partner
General Motors.
In 1983, Jumpin' John Goldsmith releases his widely popular song:
You're Still Not Safe In A Japanese Car. Nice try, America.
1985 to present By 1985, Japanese automakers had been established as world-class operations.
Innovations in manufacturing systems, management systems, and automotive materials were at levels that wouldn't be matched by other nations until the mid-1990s. Japanese manufacturers focused on product improvement, including technological innovations. One area of focus was making cars recyclable. By 1985, 75 percent of a Japanese car, by weight, could be recycled. Japanese manufacturers also focused on safety improvements. Japan began manufacturing cars in local markets, such as the United States, as a response to protectionist sentiments. By the mid-1990s, Japanese manufacturers had entered the luxury car markets with high-end co-brands, such as Acura and Lexus, being produced to compete with European manufacturers like BMW and Mercedes-Benz.
Here's a list of some important auto makers and their entries:
- 1986 - Acura is launched in the US by Honda
- 1988 - Daihatsu enters the US making it the first time all nine Japanese manufacturers are present
- 1989 - Lexus is launched in the US by Toyota
- 1989 - Infiniti is launched in the US by Nissan
- 1989 - United Australian Automobile Industries (UAAI) founded in Australia as a joint venture between Toyota and Aussie's Holden
- 1996 - UAAI joint venture dissolved
- 2003 - Scion is launched by Toyota
- 2008 - Toyota surpasses General Motors to become the world's largest car manufacturer
- 2010 - 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls
- 2011 - Tohoku earthquake affects production of Japanese auto manufacturers and parts.
| Passenger cars |
|
|
|---|
| Toyota | 3,849,353 | 3,631,146 | 2,277,426 | | Honda | 1,288,577 | 1,230,621 | 729,804 | | Nissan | 982,870 | 1,095,661 | 702,071 | | Suzuki | 1,061,767 | 1,059,456 | 691,435 | | Mazda | 952,290 | 1,038,725 | 627,517 | | Daihatsu | 648,289 | 641,322 | 507,638 | | Mitsubishi | 758,038 | 770,667 | 320,690 | | Subaru | 403,428 | 460,515 | 318,714 | | Other | 25 | 30 | 0 | | Total | 9,944,637 | 9,928,143 | 6,175,295 | | |
|
Trucks
| Toyota | 291,008 | 271,544 | 163,092 |
| Suzuki | 156,530 | 158,779 | 135,724 |
| Daihatsu | 138,312 | 151,935 | 121,291 |
| Isuzu | 236,619 | 250,692 | 104,387 |
| Nissan | 188,788 | 189,005 | 100,507 |
| Mitsubishi | 88,045 | 83,276 | 56,895 |
| Hino | 101,909 | 101,037 | 55,295 |
| Subaru | 72,422 | 64,401 | 46,098 |
| Mitsubishi Fuso | 131,055 | 115,573 | 44,462 |
| Honda | 43,268 | 33,760 | 24,803 |
| Mazda | 43,221 | 39,965 | 22,119 |
| Nissan Diesel | 44,398 | 45,983 | 16,738 |
| Other | 2,445 | 2,449 | 489 |
| Total | 1,538,020 | 1,508,399 | 891,900 |
Buses
| Toyota | 85,776 | 109,698 | 63,178 |
| Mitsubishi Fuso | 10,225 | 10,611 | 4,619 |
| Nissan | 7,422 | 8,416 | 4,130 |
| Hino | 4,984 | 5,179 | 4,044 |
| Isuzu | 3,668 | 3,221 | 1,804 |
| Nissan Diesel | 1,595 | 1,977 | 1,479 |
| Total | 113,670 | 139,102 | 79,254 |
Files compiled by Andrew Joseph
Thank you
Wikipedia for the charts and the last two three yearly data dumps. The later bits of information were well researched... but I had to do a fair amount of research in all of the other earlier stuff because I suppose I love pioneer history.